Analysis of Cluster Structure and Dynamics in Developing the Tourism Industry in The Mandalika Special Economic Zone, Indonesia

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyse the structure and dynamics of the tourism industry cluster in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ), with a particular focus on the patterns of relationships, communication, and collaboration among key stakeholders. The underlying problem in this study is the gap between the ideal cluster concept, which emphasises multi-stakeholder synergy, and the reality in the Mandalika SEZ, characterised by weak coordination and the dominance of certain actors. The research approach is a qualitative case study. Empirical data were collected through in-depth interviews with six key informants representing the government, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), academics, and associations, as well as through field observations and documentation studies. Data were analysed thematically and validated through source triangulation. The research findings reveal that the tourism cluster structure in the Mandalika SEZ has been established but is hierarchical, centred on the government and ITDC, while local communities and MSMEs are marginalised. The dynamics of interactions indicate that collaboration has begun to develop, especially in organising international events, but remains temporary, not yet institutionalised, and not supported by equal communication. Supporting factors include policy and infrastructure support, while the main inhibiting factors are weak cross-institutional coordination and role imbalances. The application of this research's findings recommends establishing an inclusive multi-stakeholder coordination forum and strengthening the capacity of local actors. The conclusion is that cluster development in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) requires a collaborative governance approach to transform the centralised structure into a more synergistic, inclusive, and sustainable tourism ecosystem.