Application of Prototype Theory to the Issue of Stability and Variability of Word Order Models in Different Languages

Abstract

Prototypical word order in world languages refers to the ontological side of this syntactic phenomenon. It is fixed and unchanging. The word order exists as a representation of various connection forms between language elements within the syntactic structure. In the context of the prototypical word order, deviating from them and moving in a new direction occurs against the background of the struggle between the old and the new. This global linguistic phenomenon has led to significant changes in the syntactic structure of the language and the formation of a new structure of relations in the old hierarchy. The article covers the initial influences that changed the prototypical sentence structure in Old Germanic and Old Turkic languages. For this purpose, the study used pronouns and adverbs in ancient Germanic languages and pronouns in ancient Turkic languages as research objects. The formation of word order in a sentence in Turkish, as in other languages, is based on the prototype word order. To study this problem, there are a large number of written monuments belonging to the 5th-9th centuries of our era. By studying those materials, we can get some information about the order of words in the monuments in ancient Turkic, in the period when splitting the Great Turkic into dialects was not yet completed. In conclusion, it is said that the signs of the prototypical word order are universal, but each language family has some peculiarities in this direction.