Analysis of Human Resource Quality Indicators in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

. The era of globalisation, the development of science and technology, has a considerable influence on outcomes in various aspects of development. The quality of human resources is inseparable from the education a person or society achieves. The low rate of human resources causes a complicated cycle of life, one of which is the cycle of poverty which is very complex in Indonesian society. This study aims to analyse indicators of the quality of human resources in the province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The data collection method used is observation. Data were analysed descriptively. The results showed that there are at least two important things for the population of productive age concerning the condition of human resources in South Sulawesi Province, where there is an imbalance between the number of job opportunities outside the agricultural sector and the working age population, as well as the education level of the working age population which is still relatively low. The quality of Human Resources can be improved through education and technical training. Leaders can pay special attention to Human Resources development to enhance competitive performance.


INTRODUCTION
Community welfare is the primary and ideal goal in development.In every policy implementation, the government always makes welfare a goal to be achieved.Regional autonomy is a government policy expected to provide opportunities for regional communities to achieve shared prosperity.Through decentralisation, regions are given the flexibility to build and initiate the development of their areas while simultaneously trying to bring welfare [1].Indonesia's current framework for regional development aims to reduce the gap between regions, as outlined in the latest National Medium-Term Development Plan.This policy focuses on accelerating development in Eastern Indonesia, such as Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, and Papua, while maintaining growth in Java-Bali and Sumatra.
Human development is both a process and a goal that involves expanding people's choices and empowering them to shape their lives.While economic growth is essential for human development, it is not the ultimate end.Human development is about developing society by enhancing human capabilities through active participation in shaping life and culture and improving people's lives [2].It is a broader concept than other approaches, such as human resources, basic needs, and human welfare approaches.The Human Development Index (HDI) integrates three critical dimensions of human development: life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling, and gross national income per capita, reflecting the ability to lead a long and healthy life, acquire knowledge, and achieve a decent standard of living.
Education is vital in developing a country's human resources and shaping its future.It produces skilled workers who can meet labour demands.Unemployment often relates to education levels, with higher education leading to better employment prospects.Therefore, improving human resource quality can boost employment opportunities and decrease educated unemployment.Studies have shown that college graduates with high-quality skills, knowledge, and technology can find job opportunities in large industries, absorbing educated, unemployed individuals [3].
Human development is a critical goal that involves people shaping their ability to absorb modern technology, create job opportunities, and reduce unemployment while promoting sustainable development.Decreasing unemployment and increasing income can improve human development by increasing household expenditure on nutritious food and higher education.
This study aims to analyse the indicators of human resource quality in South Sulawesi province, given the significant impact of globalisation and advancements in science and technology on various aspects of development.
The study seeks to understand the role of education in shaping human resource quality, as poor human resource quality can contribute to a complex cycle of poverty in Indonesian society.

METHODS
The study in question utilised variables that were obtained from secondary data sources.Specifically, the research method used was a survey method that drew on data from the 2022 National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), which was conducted by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in all regions of Indonesia, including the districts and cities in South Sulawesi Province.In this study, the data that was used was raw data that had been obtained from the Central Statistics Agency.The researchers chose to use SUSENAS data because it was a data source that produced a wide variety of data points.Additionally, the data provided comparisons between regions -in this case, the Province of South Sulawesi -and its scientific accountability was guaranteed by the Central Statistics Agency, which served as the data provider used in this study.Data analysis in this study was conducted using descriptive analysis.Specifically, the researchers used descriptive analysis by presenting a tabulation of percentage distribution.This method of research allowed the researchers to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the different characteristics of indicators that affect the quality of human resources in each regency and city in South Sulawesi Province.Additionally, the analysis provided a means for comparing the different towns and districts in the province based on the 2022 people's welfare indicators.
Overall, the study's use of variables obtained from secondary data, specifically the 2022 National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), allowed the researchers to gain important insights into the quality of human resources in different regions of Indonesia.The use of raw data allowed the researchers to draw on a wide variety of data points, and the choice to use SUSENAS data was based on the data source's ability to provide comparisons between regions and its scientific accountability.The data analysis method utilised in the study -descriptive analysis through tabulation of percentage distribution -provided the researchers with valuable insights into the characteristics of indicators that affected the quality of human resources in different regions of South Sulawesi Province.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demographic Conditions.South Sulawesi is one of the provinces in Indonesia located in the southern part of Sulawesi.Its capital is Makassar City, which used to be called Ujung Pandang.South Sulawesi has a variety of tribes, including Makassar, Bugis, Toraja, and Mandarwhich are spread in 24 regencies/cities in South Sulawesi, as well as a rich and diverse regional language uses.
South Sulawesi Province is located between 0° 12' to 8° South Latitude and 116° 48' to 122° 36' East Longitude.The West borders the province of West Sulawesi, the North borders the Province of Central Sulawesi, and the East borders the Province of Southeast Sulawesi.Based on the results of SUSENAS 2020, South Sulawesi's population is around 9 073.5 million people compared to the population in 2021 of 9 139.5.Then there is a population growth rate (LPP) in 2020 reaching 1.18 %, and in 2021 it came to 0.55 %.The regencies/cities in South Sulawesi that experienced a relatively fast population growth rate were Tana Toraja and Palopo.In general, the increase in population in the area is due to the change in status to satellite cities and hinterland areas, so many new settlements have been developed in the area.
Human resources are the most fundamental factor in the development of a region.The total population of West Sulawesi Province consists of men and women.Thus the sex ratio of this province is significant, which means that there are 102 men among women.This is possible because of the many male workers absorbed in the government service sector and the plantation industry.In general, the population in South Sulawesi Province is still dominated by women, but for East Luwu and North Toraja Regencies, men tend to be more.This is possible because the two areas are similar to North Mamuju Regency, dominated by the plantation industry sector.In contrast, Toraja Land is dominated by the tourism sector, which can absorb more male labour.
Human Resource Conditions.To see the picture of the quality of human resources in South Sulawesi in general, we can see from the description of each regency/city that forms it.The quality of human resources in each of the districts/cities will affect the quality of human resources in the two provinces.Descriptively it will be described how the condition of these indicators will be described.
A. Non-Dependency Ratio.The non-dependence ratio in South Sulawesi Province is 55.07 %.This means that the total dependency ratio is 44.93 %, meaning that every 100 working-age people (considered productive) have as many as 45 dependents who are ineffective and unproductive anymore.This ratio of 44.93 % is contributed by the dependence ratio of the young population of 34.70 % and the dependence ratio of the older adults of 10.24 %.The greater the percentage of dependency ratio, the more significant the burden that the workingage population must bear to support the livelihoods of the unproductive and dependent members of the people.Conversely, a lower percentage of dependency ratio indicates a lower burden on the productive population to support the non-working and dependent population, which in turn leads to a higher non-dependence ratio.Thus, there is a strong relationship between the dependency ratio and the nondependence ratio, with the former indicating the extent of the burden that the working population must bear to support the dependent population and the latter indicating the proportion of the people that is self-sufficient and does not rely on others for their livelihoods.
From this indicator, it can be seen that in 2022 the working-age population in South Sulawesi will still be burdened with the responsibility of the young people, which is more proportional than the responsibility of the elderly population.In general, the population structure of South Sulawesi is the structure of the young population.
B. Percentage of Labor.The proportion of the working population according to employment is a figure that shows the distribution/distribution of the working population in each job.
The greater the number of workers in one area, the greater the labour supply.Unemployment will occur if this is not followed by increased labour demand (employment opportunities).In addition, the larger the number of workers, the greater the capacity of the working-age population to support the unproductive-age population.So the value of the dependency ratio will tend to decrease, but all of this requires a sufficient number of job opportunities.Quality Of Human Resources.Education is considered a means to improve the quality of human resources quality.Good teaching is expected to create good quality human resources as well.However, in reality, there is a tendency that there is a positive relationship between education and the unemployment rate.The higher the education, the more the educated unemployment rate increases [4].This supports several previous empirical studies, as suggested by [5,6], who said that the level of education affects educated unemployment means that any changes that occur in the level of education result in a change in educated unemployment, that is, when the level of education increases, it also causes educated unemployment to increase.
The Provincial Government of South Sulawesi will strive to accelerate development to encourage economic growth again.Improving the quality of human resources (HR) and infrastructure development is the focus for performance in 2021.
However, South Sulawesi still faces development challenges and problems that require solutions.For example, uneven infrastructure development causes gaps between regions in South Sulawesi.
On the other hand, South Sulawesi's human resources development, as measured through the human development index or HDI, was successfully increased beyond the performance target in 2022 with a value of 72.82, which is high status.The literacy rate in South Sulawesi has generally increased from 2020-2022.According to Susenas data in 2022, the literacy rate of residents aged 15 years and over is 99.97 %, or there is still 0.03 % of the illiterate population.This condition suggests that the higher the literacy rate, the lower the illiteracy rate.The achievement of the literacy rate of South Sulawesi Province in 2020-2022 averaged 91 %, and the average national achievement reached 95 %.In 2022 South Sulawesi's literacy rate will get 92.47 %, still below the national rate of 95.92 %.However, the achievement of the literacy rate still has not reached the SDG's target, which is 100 %.
The average length of schooling is one indicator that describes the population's education level: the average number of effective years of education achieved by the population.The number of effective years is the number of standard years that a person must undergo to complete a level of education, namely graduating from elementary school/equivalent is six years, finishing junior high school/equivalent is nine years and so on.It needs attention to improving the strategic issues that affect it: equitable accessibility, improving the quality of education and public health services, and increasing resource competence through partnerships of domestic and foreign training institutions/ institutions.The objectives to be achieved are: Increased HDI, Improve the education of the people of South Sulawesi, and improve the degree of public health of South Sulawesi.
The theory [7] states that if productivity increases, the use of labour will also increase.Vice versa, if productivity decreases, work use will also decrease.This decline will increase the unemployment rate.The study's results [8] also concluded that education significantly affects labour productivity, and labour productivity affects the unemployment rate.
The strategic role of BPSDM of South Sulawesi Province is managing HR development with reliable, accountable, and competent human resources and can complete tasks effectively and efficiently.One of the keys to producing human resources with these criteria is to provide learning that meets the organisation's needs.The disruption now results from changes and developments in information and communication technology.Organisations must adapt and transform by applying different strategies/approaches than before [9].Implementing the Corporate University approach in BPSDM South Sulawesi Province is a response to these conditions and to support the acceleration of the transformation of BPSDM of South Sulawesi Province, along with the presence of bureaucratic reforms and institutional changes that continue to be driven in all government and non-government institutions [10].
This study focuses on the role of Corporate University (CorpU) in developing strategies to anticipate future environmental changes and their impact on the achievement of strategic plan targets in the Human Resources Development Agency (BPSDM) of South Sulawesi Province.The importance of institutional transformation in various ministries is emphasised, focusing on supporting units like the BPSDM.The study highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to human resource development, encompassing technical and non-technical aspects.In this context, the CorpU can play a vital role in developing and implementing strategies that anticipate and respond to future environmental changes.The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the CorpU approach in achieving the strategic plan targets of the BPSDM in South Sulawesi Province.Overall, the findings of this research can provide valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners involved in institutional transformation and human resource development.By adopting a CorpU approach, organisations can better prepare for future challenges and ensure that their strategic plans are aligned with their longterm goals and objectives.

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the quality of human resources plays a crucial role in the development of South Sulawesi Province.Specifically, there is an urgent need to address the inequality between employment opportunities and the working-age population, as well as the low level of education among the existing workforce.These issues highlight the scarcity of employment opportunities, especially outside of the agricultural sector, and the low quality of the population of productive age.If left unaddressed, these problems could lead to development failure due to the poor quality of human resources.Therefore, it is essential to take the necessary steps to improve the quality of human resources in the region by investing in education and training programs and promoting the development of non-agricultural industries.By doing so, South Sulawesi Province can build a skilled and productive workforce to drive sustainable economic growth and development.

Table 1 -
Total Population and Population Growth Rate By Regency/City in 2020-2021

Table 2 -
Percentage of Population by Gender and Sex Ratio in 2022

Table 3 -
Dependency Ratio and Non-Dependency Ratio

Table 4 -
Number of People Working by Sector in South Sulawesi Province C. Life Expectancy.Life Expectancy is a tool to evaluate the government's performance in improving the general welfare of the population and the degree of health in particular.Low life expectancy in an area should be followed by health development programs and other social

Table 5 -
Live Birth Rate in South Sulawesi Province

Table 6 -
Literacy Rate (AMH) By Age Group and Region of Residence, %

Table 7 -
School Participation Rate (APS) of Population Aged 17-24 Years By District/City (Year)