Word Formation by Reduplication Method in Modern Turkic Languages

. There are examples of grammaticalisation in various forms in Turkic languages. Reduplication attracts attention both as a grammatical sign and as one of the ways of word formation. Repetition is one of the grammatical categories functionally used in Turkic languages. This article examines examples from old and modern Turkic languages. It explains with examples that the method of reduplication is used in Turkish as a method of word formation, as in some other world languages. In addition, some language units formed by repetition are tried to explain by the theory of grammar and are dealt with from examples in which reduplication creates the inflectional features in semantic and morphological categories. The method of reduplication in languages where it is used as a grammatical sign, grammatical categories such as augmentative, limitation, frequency, transition, etc., can be mentioned by forms with different phonological values, such as full or partial reduplication. The reduplication formed by the repetition of a word in the first stage represents the intermediate stage before the completion of word formation in the second stage. It is a semantic description of the newly formed word. There are many lexical units in the orthographic dictionary of the Azerbaijani language, which are words formed by the method of reduplication. The reproduction process is less productive than morphological, syntactic, lexical and other word-formation methods. Still, as a result, there is such a method in the grammatical structure of Turkic languages.


INTRODUCTION
As we know, the Western world has made significant progress in science and technology.Discoveries and inventions, especially innovations in information technology, have created conditions for a substantial influx of new words from the West to our country.Sometimes these words have been accepted as they are and used in the language, and occasionally new ones have formed equivalent to them.
Ever since the son of man began to speak and communicate in words on Earth, he has felt the need to create new comments quickly.As the cultural level of the peoples increased, as science and technology developed, new terms and means of expression of notions were introduced into the language.This process is still ongoing.Of course, as new words enter the language or new words appear in the language, some lexical units also need to be removed from the language.But this process itself must be approached very carefully, too.Removing a word from a literary language takes a nation away from its thousand-year history and national culture.Therefore, whether we like it or not, it is not a good idea to replace lexical units, words of Arabic and Persian origin, that have been used in our language for thousands of years and have acquired the right of citizenship.However, it is an undeniable fact that every language can remain active.Every language is developing dynamically, and this process is inevitable.There are different ways of word formation in modern Turkic languages.It is possible to form an infinite number of new words in Turkic languages in several different ways.
Word formation refers mainly to words that are formed morphologically and syntactically, and derivative and compound words are studied.Of course, we are talking about a synchronous plan.But there are more ways to create dishes in a language.One is the phenomenon of reduplication, which needs to be written more.
Reduplication, widely used in old and modern Turkic languages, has mainly performed the augmentative function in the Turkic language.However, reduplication is used in Turkic languages as an inflectional element that reflects various semantic fields with a wide range of parts, such as plurality, sequence-multiplication, similarity, limitation, diminutiveness, degrading, and predicatization.Examples from multiple Turkic languages prove that reduplication is also used in Turkic languages as a method of word formation.Reduplication has been added to word formation ways in recent studies.The research presented as a method of word formation is mainly conducted by Turkish scientists.In these studies, it has been determined that reduplication plays a vital role in the typology of Turkic languages.Lexical units formed by the method of reduplication are found not only in literary languages but also in various dialects and accents of Turkic languages.Reduplication is a grammatical category used in Turkic languages as an element of derivativeness and inflexion (change of form) in both processes of lexicalisation and grammaticalisation.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
Two research methods were followed in the current article.Apart from the historicalcomparative method, the descriptive approach has also been implemented, and the selected examples have been researched within the framework of the two mentioned methods.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Grammaticalisation, which transforms independent words into grammatical signs, is also widely observed in Turkic languages.One of the grammaticalisation theory founders was Wilhelm von Humboldt [1, p. 22].In morphophonology, there are two types of reduplication, full and partial.A full reduplication is a reduplication of an entire word, root, or body, that is, a repetition.Partial reduplication is simply a reduplication in various forms, from consonant gemination or vowel lengthening up to the nearly complete base of the word.In partial reduplication, the repeated part is often the first part of the base of the word but also appears in the middle and last positions.Both types of reduplication are found in Turkic languages.While full reduplication is used more functionally in word formation, partial reduplication is distinguished by a grammatical marking function.Reduplication is "forming another suffix and a word from this base by repeating a certain part or all of the base" [2, p. 40].Forms such as "qıpqırmızı, kopkoyu, büsbüyük" are formed by the reduplication of the first syllables of words such as"az-az, hızlı hızlı, qaça-qaça", which are created by the repetition of words in Turkic languages, attract attention with their meaning reinforcing features.Although the definition of reduplication is slightly different in different sources, it has been emphasised in most studies that the structure being formed can be used as a single word in a sentence.In particular, although many studies have dealt with the "forming other words" feature of reduplication, no extensive research has been conducted on the subject.Sh.Akalin emphasised the meaning-reinforcing features of the language's syntax of words formed by reduplication under the heading "doubling".Some of them, such as ev bark, çalı çırpı, er geç have acquired lexical value with meaning, function and frequency of use.In this study, "doubling" is not considered one of the main ways of word formation in Turkic languages [3, p. 836].In Turkish linguistics, the wordformation function of the reduplication method is not mentioned, and the reinforcing feature is emphasised in the category of inflexion.In other Turkic languages, however, there is no information about reduplication among wordformation methods in general, while many linguists [4, p. 436; 5, p. 376-377, 513; 6, p. 134, 7, p. 147] emphasise the reinforcing function of full and partial reduplication in adjectives and adverbs, but J. Cornfield noted that in some examples full reduplication provides forming a more distinct meaning, instead of its reinforcing function [9, p. 513].We are witnessing reduplication in the augmentative degree of adjectives in the Azerbaijani language.But we do not accept such adjectives as newly forming words.In Turkish literature, under the heading "Phonology", three types of reduplication are discussed: 1. Emphatic reduplication (e.g., kıpkırmızı (crimson)); 2. Reduplication with -m (e.g., çirkin mirkin (ugly));

Doubling (e.g., yavaş-yavaş (slowly)).
So, reduplication and doubling are different terms, albeit partially.In Turkish Turkic it's dealt with double reduplication in various categories, such as lexicographical, systematic, and text.It is confirmed that there are 347 doubling repetitions in the Turkish dictionary.Although most linguistic studies have mentioned that reduplication affects semantic meanings such as augmentative, plurality, and continuity, no study has evaluated this method in grammaticalisation theory and tried to explain it with concrete examples.
The method of reduplication in languages where it is used as a grammatical sign, grammatical categories such as augmentative, limitation, frequency, transition, etc., can be mentioned by forms with different phonological values, such as full or partial reduplication.The remarkable point in this model of grammaticalisation by reduplication method is that the state created by the reduplication method without using any morphological symbols provides the necessary semantic and grammatical value.
2. Bütün təfərrüatları ilə (in all its details)".The transformation of a characteristic semantically and grammatically in different categories can be explained by the grammaticalisation theory [12, p. 16].
It is doubling -words formed by repeating the same and similar expressions.Doubling is a group of words formed by reduplication.
We concluded from our research that a new word formation by reduplication could be added to the list of many word formation methods available in Turkic languages.The reduplication method is less productive than morphological, syntactic, lexical and other word-formation methods.Still, there is such a method in the grammatical structure of Turkic languages.